Executive Summary
The flow of fentanyl into the United States in 2019 is more diverse compared to the start of the fentanyl
crisis in 2014, with new source countries and new transit countries emerging as significant trafficking
nodes. This is exacerbating the already multi-faceted fentanyl crisis by introducing additional source
countries into the global supply chain of fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances, and fentanyl precursors.
Further, this complicates law enforcement operations and policy efforts to stem the flow of fentanyl into the
United States. While Mexico and China are the primary source countries for fentanyl and fentanyl-related
substances trafficked directly into the United States, India is emerging as a source for finished fentanyl
powder and fentanyl precursor chemicals.
FENTANYL FLOW TO THE UNITED STATES 2019
Currently, China remains the primary source of fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked through
international mail and express consignment operations environment, as well as the main source for all
fentanyl-related substances trafficked into the United States. Seizures of fentanyl sourced from China
average less than one kilogram in weight, and often test above 90 percent concentration of pure fentanyl
As Beijing and the Hong Kong Special Autonomous Region (SAR) place restrictions on more precursor
chemicals, Mexican transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) are diversifying their sources of supply.
This is evidenced by fentanyl shipments from India allegedly destined for Mexico. On May 4, 2018,
the Hong Kong SAR updated their drug law to control the fentanyl precursors 4-anilino-N-phenethyl-4-
piperidine (ANPP) and N-phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP) as well as the synthetic opioid U-47700. This
matches China’s scheduling of ANPP and NPP on July 1, 2017. The move by the Hong Kong SAR is
considerable, since synthetic opioids produced and shipped from China may transit the Hong Kong SAR
en route to the United States.
Effective May 1, 2019, China officially controlled all forms of fentanyl as a class of drugs. This fulfilled the
commitment that President Xi made during the G-20 Summit. The implementation of the new measure
includes investigations of known fentanyl manufacturing areas, stricter control of internet sites advertising
fentanyl, stricter enforcement of shipping regulations, and the creation of special teams to investigate
leads on fentanyl trafficking. These new restrictions have the potential to severely limit fentanyl production
and trafficking from China. This could alter China’s position as a supplier to both the United States and
Mexico.
MEXICO
Mexican TCOs are producing increased quantities of fentanyl and illicit fentanyl-containing tablets, with
some TCOs using increasingly sophisticated clandestine laboratories and processing methods (i.e.,
laboratory grade glassware, unregulated chemicals, and industrial size tablet presses). DEA, working in
conjunction with Mexican officials, has seized and dismantled numerous fentanyl pill pressing operations
and fentanyl synthesis laboratories in 2018 and 2019, highlighting the role TCOs play in supplying the US
fentanyl market. Fentanyl is smuggled across the U.S.-Mexico border in low concentration, high-volume
loads, kilogram seizures often contain less than a 10 percent concentration of fentanyl.
TCOs are also increasingly producing wholesale quantities of illicit fentanyl pills and smuggling them into
the United States. In December 2018, Mexican officials in combination with DEA authorities seized an
illicit pill mill in Azcapotzalco, Mexico City. Law enforcement officials seized illicit fentanyl-laced oxycodone
M-30 pills, suspected fentanyl powder, precursor chemicals and multiple other items related to the
production of fentanyl-laced illicit pills. As with the Mexicali, Mexico fentanyl pill mill seized in September
2018, DEA reporting indicated the organization operating the pill mill in Mexico City is linked to the Sinaloa
Cartel.
DEA reporting continues to indicate the Sinaloa and the New Generation Jalisco (Cártel de Jalisco
Nueva Generación or CJNG) cartels are likely the primary trafficking groups responsible for smuggling
fentanyl into the United States from Mexico. To date, the fentanyl synthesis and fentanyl pill production
operations dismantled in Mexico have either occurred in territories controlled by these cartels or have
had involvement by members/associates of these cartels. In addition, these TCOs are known to control
the trafficking corridors in Mexico that connect to California and Arizona, indicating drugs passing through
these associated areas would need to be approved by these organizations.